{"id":65449,"date":"2020-08-04T14:42:54","date_gmt":"2020-08-04T12:42:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/jak-a-proc-vznika-zavislost\/"},"modified":"2026-02-04T17:44:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T16:44:21","slug":"jak-a-proc-vznika-zavislost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/jak-a-proc-vznika-zavislost\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako a pre\u010do vznik\u00e1 z\u00e1vislos\u0165?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ur\u010dite ste si u\u017e niekedy sami kl\u00e1dli ot\u00e1zku, \u010do sa vlastne v&nbsp;tele odohr\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlovek za\u010dne nejak\u00fa substanciu potrebova\u0165. A hovorili ste si, \u017ee v\u00e1m by sa to ur\u010dite nemohlo sta\u0165, preto\u017ee predsa m\u00e1te rozum a siln\u00fa v\u00f4\u013eu. \u010co sa teda vlastne stane vo vn\u00fatri mozgu \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd si vybuduje z\u00e1vislos\u0165 a nie je schopn\u00fd sa jej zbavi\u0165? A s\u00fa naozaj niektor\u00ed \u013eudia n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed na&nbsp;rozvoj z\u00e1vislosti ako in\u00ed?   <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Ak hovor\u00edme o z\u00e1vislosti na opioidoch, mechanizmus je nasledovn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>V&nbsp;nepr\u00edtomnosti opioidov sektretuj\u00fa inhibi\u010dn\u00e9 neur\u00f3ny neurotransmitter, ktor\u00fd zabra\u0148uje okolit\u00fdm neur\u00f3nom v uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00ed dopam\u00ednu. Pokia\u013e n\u00e1sledne d\u00f4jde k&nbsp;uvo\u013eneniu endog\u00e9nnych opioidov (napr\u00edklad pri \u0161porte), d\u00f4jde k&nbsp;ich nadviazaniu na opioidn\u00e9 receptory na inhibi\u010dn\u00fdch neur\u00f3noch. Tie prestan\u00fa vylu\u010dova\u0165 inhibi\u010dn\u00fd neurotransmitter a okolit\u00e9 neur\u00f3ny tak m\u00f4\u017eu spusti\u0165 sekr\u00e9ciu dopam\u00ednu. <\/p>\n<p>Uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie dopam\u00ednu m\u00e1 dvojak\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok. Pri aplik\u00e1cii do talamu, mozgov\u00e9ho kme\u0148a a pred\u013a\u017eenej miechy vyvol\u00e1va analg\u00e9ziu, t. j. potla\u010denie bolesti. Ak p\u00f4sob\u00ed na centr\u00e1 odme\u0148ovania, m\u00e1 upokojuj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok.  <\/p>\n<p>Ak sa v\u0161ak na opioidn\u00fd receptor navia\u017ee exog\u00e9nny opioid (napr. morf\u00edn, hero\u00edn alebo kode\u00edn), uvo\u013enenie dopam\u00ednu je mas\u00edvne a pri dostato\u010dne vysokej d\u00e1vke vyvol\u00e1va cez centr\u00e1 odmena a\u017e stav euf\u00f3rie. Hlavnou vlastnos\u0165ou centier odmeny je navy\u0161e to, \u017ee v&nbsp;n\u00e1s vyvol\u00e1va potrebu tieto dopam\u00edn-uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00face \u010dinnosti opakova\u0165. <\/p>\n<p>S&nbsp;opakovan\u00fdm u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm (aj pokia\u013e ide o presne d\u00e1vkovan\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fa l\u00e1tku predp\u00edsan\u00fa lek\u00e1rom) sa za\u010d\u00edna rozv\u00edja\u0165 tolerancia a zni\u017euje sa odpove\u010f vyvolan\u00e1 danou d\u00e1vkou, \u010do vedie k&nbsp;potrebe navy\u0161ova\u0165 mno\u017estvo opioidu. To sa deje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee neur\u00f3n na svojom povrchu zni\u017euje mno\u017estvo opioidn\u00fdch receptorov, pr\u00edpadne oslabuje ich senzitivitu a st\u00e1va sa tak menej citliv\u00fdm. <\/p>\n<p>K&nbsp;tomuto procesu doch\u00e1dza, preto\u017ee sa telo sna\u017e\u00ed udr\u017ea\u0165 homeost\u00e1zu, teda stabiln\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 prostredie. Preto\u017ee si telo \u010dasom zvykne na pravideln\u00fd pr\u00edsun drogy, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed tlmivo, prisp\u00f4sob\u00ed sa prevent\u00edvnym zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm tlaku, srdcovej \u010dinnosti a bdelosti. To vedie k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee d\u00e1vka n\u00e1sledne sp\u00f4sob\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed tlmiv\u00fd efekt. Navr\u00e1ti telo do stavu homeost\u00e1zy, ale vyt\u00fa\u017een\u00e9 utlmenie u\u017e nie je dosiahnut\u00e9. Pokia\u013e potom dan\u00e1 osoba drogu neu\u017eije v\u00f4bec, nastane vych\u00fdlenie z&nbsp;homeost\u00e1zy, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e nem\u00e1 \u010do utlmi\u0165 a objavuj\u00fa sa nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 abstinen\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky. Z\u00e1visl\u00fd potom potrebuje drogu u\u017e len kv\u00f4li tomu, aby sa c\u00edtil norm\u00e1lne.     <\/p>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klade \u0161t\u00fadie vykonanej v&nbsp;70. rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia profesorom Brucom Alexanderom sa v\u0161ak objavili ne\u010dakan\u00e9 nov\u00e9 poznatky. A to nielen fyziologick\u00e9, ale najm\u00e4 psychologick\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p>Bol vykonan\u00fd experiment s&nbsp;my\u0161ou umiestnenou vo vn\u00fatri pr\u00e1zdnej klietky. T\u00e1to my\u0161 mala v&nbsp;klietke dve n\u00e1doby s&nbsp;vodou. V&nbsp;jednej bola \u010dist\u00e1 voda a v&nbsp;druhej voda zmie\u0161an\u00e1 s&nbsp;hero\u00ednom. T\u00e1to my\u0161 za\u010dala ve\u013emi skoro d\u00e1va\u0165 prednos\u0165 n\u00e1dobe obsahuj\u00facej hero\u00edn a postupne si vytvorila tak\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa z\u00e1vislos\u0165, a\u017e sa jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a pred\u00e1vkovala.   <\/p>\n<p>Pokia\u013e v\u0161ak v\u00fdskumn\u00edci umiestnili tieto dve n\u00e1doby do priestoru zvan\u00e9ho \u201emy\u0161\u00ed park\u201c, pln\u00e9ho l\u00f4pt, tunelov a in\u00fdch atrakci\u00ed, kde my\u0161i \u017eili spolu vo ve\u013ekej skupine, doch\u00e1dzalo k&nbsp;\u00faplne minim\u00e1lnej spotrebe vody obohatenej o hero\u00edn. My\u0161i sa jednoducho bavili tak dobre, \u017ee \u017eiadne \u010fal\u0161ie rozpt\u00fdlenie vo forme drog nepotrebovali. <\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00fd experiment sa (nepl\u00e1novane) odohral aj medzi vojakmi bojuj\u00facimi vo vojne vo Vietname. Okolo 20% americk\u00fdch vojakov sa stalo po\u010das vojny z\u00e1visl\u00fdch od hero\u00ednu. Akon\u00e1hle sa v\u0161ak vr\u00e1tili domov, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z&nbsp;nich sa drog bez probl\u00e9mov vzdala. Akon\u00e1hle teda prestali by\u0165 vystavovan\u00ed psychick\u00e9mu a fyzick\u00e9mu utrpeniu a vr\u00e1tili sa do vlastn\u00e9ho soci\u00e1lneho prostredia, hero\u00edn u\u017e nepotrebovali.   <\/p>\n<p>Tieto experimenty teda m\u00f4\u017eu vysvetli\u0165, pre\u010do \u013eudia z&nbsp;probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch rod\u00edn, z nev\u00fdhodnen\u00fdch skup\u00edn a t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pre\u017eili traumy, maj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161iu n\u00e1chylnos\u0165 k&nbsp;rozvoju z\u00e1vislosti. S\u00fa ako t\u00e1 osamel\u00e1 my\u0161 v&nbsp;klietke, ktor\u00e1 mala ako jedin\u00fd zdroj pote\u0161enia pr\u00e1ve n\u00e1dobu s&nbsp;hero\u00ednom. A tak sk\u00f4r ne\u017e z\u00e1visl\u00e9 stigmatizova\u0165 a vylu\u010dova\u0165 zo spolo\u010dnosti, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 h\u013eada\u0165 p\u00f4vodn\u00fa pr\u00ed\u010dinu ich probl\u00e9mov a sna\u017ei\u0165 sa ich za\u010dleni\u0165 do norm\u00e1lneho \u017eivota. Preto\u017ee len vtedy sa m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1vislosti skuto\u010dne dlhodobo zbavi\u0165.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ur\u010dite ste si u\u017e niekedy sami kl\u00e1dli ot\u00e1zku, \u010do sa vlastne v&nbsp;tele odohr\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlovek za\u010dne nejak\u00fa substanciu potrebova\u0165. A hovorili ste si, \u017ee v\u00e1m by sa to ur\u010dite nemohlo sta\u0165, preto\u017ee predsa m\u00e1te rozum a siln\u00fa v\u00f4\u013eu. \u010co sa teda vlastne stane vo vn\u00fatri mozgu \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd si vybuduje z\u00e1vislos\u0165 a nie je schopn\u00fd [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23001,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[188],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zaujimavosti"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65449","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65449"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65449\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65450,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65449\/revisions\/65450"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23001"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65449"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65449"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmedic.cz\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65449"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}